Dr. Amruthesh. C Shivachar started his lecture by explaining the importance of cell culture techniques specially the 3D cell culture techniques and their applications. He emphasized the advantages of 3D cell culture over the traditional single layer cell culture technique in terms of its resemblance to in-vivo environment as it offers growth of cells in all directions. Then Dr. Shivachar went on to explain the applications of 3D cell culture techniques in the field of toxicology, pharmacology and tissue transplantation. He specially mentioned the use of these techniques in toxicology instead of using animals the cell of interest can be grown to check the toxicity. He also explained about its advantages in absorption studies. He also gave an example of skin being cultured from this 3D cell culture technique and transplanted to patients with burns in some of the hospitals of US. Dr. Shivachar then shared an experience from his own lab wherein for one of the project they cultured the brain cells to replace the damaged area in brain, which is yet to be completed. In the end he concluded his presentation by explaining the challenges to make it a successful replacement for in-vivo studies. Over all presentation was good and useful.